In a 2013 study "The Future of Employment," Oxford University researchers Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne calculated the probability of automation for 702 occupations.

They concluded that, within the next 20 years, 45% of US jobs would be computerized.

Frey and Osborne based their calculations on these job characteristics, which are difficult to automate:

  • perception (such as navigating through an unstructured, messy room),
  • manipulation (such as handling irregularly shaped objects),
  • creativity, and
  • social intelligence.

On the right, filter and sort major job fields by their mean probabilities of computerization. Click a bar to see occupations within a field.

Sort by Probability
Sort by Occupation